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Past Conferences

 

Beginning with the first meeting of the Society in August 1983, biennial conferences have been held in Belgium (Brussels and Ghent), Cambridge, Toronto, Durham, New York, Oxford, Stanford, Palermo, Notre Dame, Helsinki, and Arizona. (Descriptions of our Munich and London conferences are forthcoming.)

 

Brussels 1983

The first ISAS conference took place in Brussels on 22-23 August 1983. The program features seven major papers and eighteen shorter papers organized into five sections (A. Bammesberger, A. Renoir, K.S. Kiernan, A.R. Rumble, H. Gneuss, X. Dekeyser, A. Lutz, A. Fischer, M. McC. Gatch, H. Loyn, B. Yorke, G. Clark, D.A.E. Pelteret, M. Budny and D. Tweedle, M.-C. Bodden, E. Okasha, V. Law, P.B. Taylor,  F.C. Robinson, A. Meaney, K. Grinda, T. Cable, S. Rankin, E.B. Irving, P. Clemoes). The meeting was held at the Palace of Academies in Brussels and at the University Club, Het Pand, Ghent. Ren Derolez, as President Pro-Tem, served as conference coordinator for the meeting. The British Consul hosted a cocktail party at the Palace of Academies, while the Faculty Club in Ghent provided the conference dinner.

      The Constitution of ISAS was approved by the Assembly at the Brussels meeting (the Constitution was published in Anglo-Saxon England 13 [1984], 2-4). The text was drafted by Daniel Calder of the University of California at Los Angeles, who also served as the groups first Executive Director, elected to serve until 1989; Ren Derolez of the University of Ghent, who served as the first President of the new organization; Roberta Frank of the University of Toronto, who was elected to serve as First Vice-President; and Stanley B. Greenfield of the University of Oregon, who was elected as the groups Second Vice-President.

      At the same meeting, Peter Clemoes was elected to succeed Ren Derolez as the Societys new President from 1 January 1984 to 31 December 1985. At the meeting the membership approved also the names of the officers and the Advisory Board. The officers and advisors began their duties on 1 January 1984.

 

Cambridge 1985

The second conference of ISAS took place in Cambridge on 19-23 August 1985. The local arrangements committee, led by Peter Clemoes, organized a program that features twenty-three papers, the first nine being on the theme England South of the Humber during the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Centuries (H.R. Loyn, N. Brooks, S. Loyn, D.A. Hinton, M.G. Welch, H. Volrath, M. Lapidge, M. Brown, J.M. Bately, W. Goffart, .. Carragain, M. Irvine, P.W. Conner, T.D. Hill, W.P. Stoneman, R. Torkar, S. Keynes, D.W. Rollason, P. Lendinara, R.E. Buckalew, J. McN. Dodgson, N. Lund, S.B. Greenfield). There was also a panel discussion by D.G. Calder, R. Cramp, A.J. Frantzen, and P. Wormald. This meeting was to establish the pattern for subsequent meetings (excepting the meeting at Toronto) by distributing the program over a period from Monday to Friday, and using Wednesday as a day for excursions. At Cambridge, the first Honorary Members of the Society were named, the first panel discussion on concerns relevant to the discipline was organized, and a schedule of reduced dues for students was discussed. The last item was not finally authorized until 1991. Rosemary Cramp was elected First Vice-President, and Roberta Frank moved to the Presidency, thus bringing the Society to North America for the first time in 1987.

      Simon Keynes organized an exhibition of manuscripts and books in the Wren Library, Trinity College, while the University Library turned its entrance hall into an exhibition of its Latin and vernacular manuscript treasures. The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology showed Anglo-Saxon material from the Cambridge region, while the Fitzwilliam Museum offered an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon coins. Heffers Bookshop printed a catalogue of publications in Anglo-Saxon studies now in print, and hosted a wine reception among displayed copies.

      Special features of the program included several receptions. The opening reception was held in the Wren Library, at the invitation of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, the Master and Fellows of Emmanuel College, and the Cambridge University Press. At the conferences special dinner in the Great Hall at Trinity College, Robert W. Burchfield, Chief Editor of the Oxford Dictionaries, gave a general address. There was also a recital of Anglo-Saxon words and music.

      The participants made an excursion to Sutton Hoo, where Martin Carver, Director of the Sutton Hoo Research Project, gave a brief report on the current work, and Boydell and Brewer hosted a party. The second excursion was a full day to Repton (speakers M. Biddle, B. Kjlbye-Biddle, and H. Taylor) and Brixworth (speakers D. Parson and D. Sutherland).

 

Toronto 1987

About one half of the members of ISAS attended the Third Meeting of the Society at the University of Toronto on 20-23 April 1987. There were twenty-four papers and presentations, many of which pertained to the general theme of the conference, word studies and lexicography (A Bammesberger, R.H. Bremmer, Jr., J. Hill, E.G. Stanley, R.I. Page, R. Cramp, J.A. Graham-Campbell, R.D. Stevick, M.A. DAronco, N. Porter, R. Derolez, M. Rissanen, J. Roberts, V. Strite, M. Lapidge, C. Fell, G.H. Brown, B. Green, M.J. Toswell, D.N. Dumville, R. Poole, C. Berkhout, T.F. Hoad, F.C. Robinson). In recognition of their distinguished service to the Society, D. Calder and S.B. Greenfield were presented in abstentia with the St George Award.

      Exhibitions included a display in the Thomas Fischer Rare Book Library of medieval manuscripts and early printed books from private and institutional collections in Toronto, an exhibition entitled Canada Collects the Middle Ages at the George R. Gardiner Museum, and, in the Rotunda, University College, a collection of documents illustrating the history of Anglo-Saxon studies.

      The Dictionary of Old English sponsored on Open House, which gave conferees an opportunity to visit firsthand the premier research project in Old English language study. Receptions were hosted by the University of Toronto Press, the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, and the Premier of Ontario. A dinner was held in the Great Hall, Hart House, at which  the speaker was Milton McC. Gatch, The Blickling Homilies: Post-Prandial Divagations. A special performance at ISAS 1987 was A Flaunting of Falcons, at which four birds demonstrated their hunting and retrieving skills indoors.

      Rosemary Cramp became the new President, succeeding Roberta Frank; Paul Szarmach was elected First Vice-President, Patrizia Lendinara became the new Second Vice-President, and Mary Richards was named Executive Director of the Society.

 

Durham 1989

The members if ISAS next met in 1989 at the University of Durham in Durham, England. President Rosemary Cramp and her committee scheduled thirty-five papers, many of which pertained to the general theme of the conference, Cultural Interaction in Anglo-Saxon England (M. Carver, C. Hills, H. Hamerow, K.L. Vaneman, G. Fellows-Jensen, P.R. Kitson, M.L. Cameron, R.D. Fulk, D. Moffat, J.S. McKinnell, P.W. Conner, M.R. Godden, J.D. Pheifer, T.A. Shippey, A. Smol, C.R. Davis, J. Hines, P. Wormald, T.W. Mackay, P.E. Szarmach, H. Tristram, S.L. Keefer and D. Burrows, K. OBrien OKeeffe, I. Henderson, R. McKitterick, G.R. Wieland, G. Beech, R. Gem, R. Gameson, M. Clunies Ross, J.L. Singman, S.N. Tranter, R. Hasenfratz, R.E. Deshman).

      This was the first ISAS meeting to feature several presentations in which computers were used to analyze or present data pertinent to Anglo-Saxon studies. Excursions were organized to Monkwearmouth, Jarrow, Hexham, Escomb, Ripon, and Fountains Abbey on Wednesday. On Saturday, an excursion was planned to Lindisfarne, calling at either Jarrow or Chester-Le-Street en route, viewing Bamburgh, returning via Yeavering and Rothbury.

      Receptions during the conference were hosted by Durham University and by the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral. A dinner was held in the Great Hall, University College, at which the speaker was R.N. Bailey.

      There were book displays and a special exhibition in Durham University Library on Landmarks in Learning about the Anglo-Saxons, organized by A.I. Doyle. In the Cathedral Treasury, Durham Cathedral, there was an exhibition on The Anglo-Saxons: Anglo-Saxon Connections; the Museum of Archaeology featured The Anglo-Saxons: an Anglo-Saxon Land.

      Paul Szarmach succeeded to the Presidency, and Malcolm Godden was elected First Vice-President.

 

Stony Brook 1991

ISAS met at the State University of New York at Stony Brook on 22-26 July 1991. The theme was The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture. Thirty-six papers were presented (C.M. Sperberg-McQueen, S. Megginson, M. Deegan, R. Cramp, R. Deshman, J. Nelson, G.H. Brown, D. Pelteret, C.T. Berkhout, R. Fleming, H. Damico, J.R. Hall, U. Schaefer, R. Huisman, F.C. Robinson, W.P. Stoneman, J. Wilcox, A. Fischer, P.J. Lucas, J. Hill, R. McC. Gatch and A. Nicholls, C. Karkov, M. Kenney, H.R. Broderick, D.F. Johnson, C. Neuman de Vegvar, E. Anderson, M.R. Godden, C.R.E. Cubitt, R.W. Pfaff, M. Bridges, D. Hinton, N.P. Brooks, T.D. Hill, C.D. Wright, T. Hall).

      The conferences included a day-long trip a Day in Medieval New York to see medieval antiquities at the Cloisters and the Metropolitan Museum of Art and dine at the Union Theological Seminary, where nearly all of the Anglo-Saxon manuscripts and fragments resident in North American had been gathered by William Stoneman and Milton McC. Gatch.

      A dinner, in the form of an indoor clambake, was held at Stony Brook campus on the last night of the conference.

      Changes were made in how the Society does business in 1991. The Society was directed to open a visa account to facilitate the payment of dues, and dues were increased from $10.00 to the present $15.00 (of 10.00 sterling) with a reduced rate of $10.00 (or 7.00 sterling) for students. Malcolm Godden succeeded to the Presidency, and George H. Brown became the First Vice-President. New duties elsewhere obliged Mary Richards and Patrizia Lendinara to vacate their positions of Executive Director and Second Vice-President, respectively.

      Patrick Conner was elected the new Executive Director and Phillip Pulsiano became the new Second Vice-President.

      It was reported at this meeting that the membership had exceeded five hundred members.

 

Oxford 1993

The Sixth ISAS conference was held at Wadham College, in the University of Oxford, on 1-7 August 1993. This meeting was the first to establish explicitly a theme, Culture and Social Context. Thirty-eight papers were presented on the general theme of the conference (J. Campbell, H. Hamerow, C.R. Hart, E. Okasha, S. Foot, W. Filmer-Sankey, B. Whitwell, A. Meaney, J. Blair, J. Wilcox, C. David, J. Niles, A Orchard, A. Rossi-Reder, F. Bancila, J. Cermk, P. Lozowski, J. Loszlovsky and J. Halcsy Scholz, N. Howe, A. Hagen, E. Treharne, M. Biddle, E.B. Irving, P. Lendinara, L. Abrams, A. Corra, J. Gerritsen, E. Dahl, D.N. Dumville, D. Donoghue, M. Irvine, D. Pelteret, S. Hollis, J. McNamara, C. Ireland, M. Ogura, C. Biggam, R. Liuzza, J. Toswell). Reports were given by D. Scragg and M. Lapidge, R. Pfaff, A. diPaolo Healey, C. Hough, P. Pulsiano. There were two panel discussions, one on Anglo-Saxon Bibliography: Making It Better (P. Szarmach, P.W. Conner, S. Keynes and P. Pulsiano substituting for Carl Berkhout and one on The Historical Thesaurus of Old English (C. Kay, J. Roberts and L. Grundy).

      The Oxford meeting also represents the point at which the Society had become sufficiently secure financially that it could help support projects in which it had a direct interest. To that end 1000.00 sterling were donated to the Dictionary of Old English fundraising program, and a scheme to support the dues of Anglo-Saxonists in Eastern Europe was put forward by Terry Hoad and accepted.

      An after-dinner paper was presented by Daniel Donoghue, The Reception of Lady Godiva.

      There was an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at the Bodleian Library and an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon coins at the Ashmolean Museum.

      The conference included a day-long excursion to Winchester, with a tour of medieval sites conducted by Martin Biddle, and an excursion led by John Blair at Lew, Bampton, Langfor, Gloucester and Deerhurst.

      George R. Brown rose to the Presidency, and Patrizia Lendinara was elected to the position of First Vice-President.

 

Stanford 1995

The Seventh Meeting of ISAS convened at Stanford university on 6-12 August 1995. Organized around the conference theme Old and New Ways in the Study of Anglo-Saxon Culture, the schedule of the meeting featured thirty-five papers (S. Irvine, I.B. Milfull, P.P. ONeill, G. Clark, C. Jacobs, A. Orchard, C.E. Karkov, B.C. Withers, R. Barnhouse, M. Blockley, P. Lozowski, J.R. Schwyter, J. Graham-Campbell, L. Webster, E. Tyler, A.J. Frantzen, A. Cox, J.W. Earl, J. Hill, H. Magennis, R. Marsden, G. Wieland, T.W. Mackay, M.P. Brown, P. Acker, C. Hough, B. Yorke, U. Schaefer, C. Ehler, M. Drout, W. Goffart, T.A. Bredehoft, M. Clunies Ross, C. Neuman de Vegvar, C. Farr). Three sessions of reports were given by T. Leinbaugh, J.H. Brinegar, D.E. Best, J.R. Black, D. Scragg, E. Coatsworth and G. Owen-Crocker, R. Cramp, A. Bravo, M.J. Mora; and four sessions of media presentations were given by K. Kiernan, K. Powell and D. Coombs, A. Prescott, M. Irvine and D. Evehart, C. Branham, R. Altman, P. Pulsiano and W. Schipper.

      An after-dinner address was given by F.C. Robinson, Recalling Herbert Dean Meritt, the Man and the Scholar.

      The conference included two day-long excursions, the first to the Napa Valley wine region, the second to Monterey, Carmel, and San Juan Bautista. The Executive Committee of the group granted 1000 sterling to the Bede Foundation to help develop Bedes World, and it also subvened Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in Microfiche Facsimile with a grant of $500.00.

      Katherine OBrien OKeeffe was elected First Vice-President at Stanford. Patrizia Lendinara succeeded to the Presidency. By 1995, our membership had exceeded 600 persons, and we began the option of offering lifetime memberships (at $200.00) in order to build an endowment for the Society which will generate an income sufficient to support the groups operating expenses.

 

Palermo 1997

The Eighth ISAS meeting took place at the Universit di Palermo (Scienze della Formazione) on 7-12 July 1997. The theme of the conference was Anglo-Saxon Studies in the Twentieth Century: Retrospect and Prospect, and included thirty-five papers (C. Cubitt, K. Dekker, A.N. Doane, M.D.C. Drout, D. Faraci, M. Godden, J. Gray, S. Gwara, J.R. Hall, T.N. Hall, J. Hill, C. Hills, J. Hines, S. Hollis, C. Hough, S. Irvine, D.F. Johnson, C.A. Jones, C.E. Karkov, U. Lenker, A. Lutz, , T. Malim, H. Momma, K. OBrien OKeeffe, .. Carragain, D.P. ODonnell, A. Orchard, J. Roberts, M.T. Swan, P. Szarmach, G. Whalen, J. Wilcox, P. Wormald, K. Yamanouchi). An electronic media presentation was given by M. Foys.  Reports were given by P. Conner, J. Hill and N. Howe, P. Pulsiano, and P. Szarmach. A round-table discussion on  Anglo-Saxon Studies in the Twenty-First Century was offered by W.G. Busse, J. Hill, N. Howe, K. OBrien OKeeffe and U. Schaefer.

      The conference included two day-long excursions, the first to Palermo, Monreale and Cefal, the second to Morgantina and Piazza Armerina.

      Katherine OBrien OKeeffe succeeded to the Presidency. Matti Kilpi assumes the post of First-Vice President, and Joyce Hill enters as Second Vice-President.  Phillip Pulsiano takes over from Patrick Conner as Executive Director. Hugh Magennis, Michiko Ogura, Katalin Halacsy Scholz and Elaine M. Treharne were elected to the Advisory Board, replacing Michelle Brown, Mary Clayton, Matti Kilpi, and Tadao Kubouchi.

      At the business meeting, the membership approved a proposal to examine the possibility of publishing a volume of selected papers from future conferences.

 

Notre Dame 1999

The Ninth ISAS meeting took place at the University of Notre Dame, 8-14 August 1999 The theme of the conference was Imagined Endings: Borders, Reigns, Millennia, and included 40 papers (A. Lutz, E. Treharne, T. A. Bredehoft, C. Karkov, C. Jones, P. Lendinara, A. Orchard, S. Rowley, N. Thompson, K. Jolly, J. Hines, A. Scharer, A. P. Scheil, A. J. Kabir, J. D. Niles, K. H. Scholz, C. Neuman de Vegvar, H. Estes, A. L. Meaney, T. Kalmar, S. Keynes, T. Klein, C. LeCluyse, S. Ai-Low, M. Lapidge, G. Whatley, J. Damon, H. Magennis, G. Owen-Crocker, E. Coatsworth, J. Hawkes, D. Donoghue, N. Discenza, M. Salvador, S. L. Keefer, S. Gwara, J. T. Lionarons, A. Sheppard, J. Hill, J. E. Story).  Electronic media demonstrations were made by A. Orchard, L. Teresi, J. Gray, M. Drout.

      The conference included an excusion to Chicago, with lunch and an exhibition at the Newberry Library.

      Matti Kilp succeeded to the presidency, replacing Katherine OBrien OKeeffe. Robert Bjork assumes the position as First Vice-President. Lesley Abrams, Mechthild Gretsch, Nicholas Howe, Catherine Karkov, Simon Keynes, John Niles, and  were elected as new members of the Advisory Board, replacing Peter Baker, Kevin Kiernan, Michiko Ogura, Andy Orchard, David Pelteret, and Ursula Schaefer.

 

Helsinki 2001

The Tenth ISAS meeting took place at the University of Helsinki, 6-11 August 2001. The theme of the conference was Anglo-Saxons and the North. There were 39 papers given (Carole Hough, Mary P. Richards, Margaret Clunies Ross, Peter J. Lucas, Barbara Yorke, Robert E. Bjork, Patricia Poussa, Janne Skaffari, Kathrin Thier, Richard Marsden, Katherine OBrien OKeeffe, Christine Rauer, Lesley Abrams, Debby Banham, Nicholas Howe, Seppo Heikkinen, George H. Brown, Christopher Abram, Matthew Townend, Patrick W. Conner, Michael D. C. Drout, Jonathan Roper, Geoffrey Russom, Pivi Kilpinen, Lucia Kornexl, Michiko Ogura, Frank Battaglia, Lilla Kopr, Richard North, Mary Clayton, Paul E. Szarmach, Pauline A. Thompson, Allen J. Frantzen, Stacy S. Klein, Dora Faraci, Roy M. Liuzza, Karl Reichl, Susan Irvine, Malcolm Godden) and three poster-presentations (Anne L. Klinck, Kristin Lynn Cole and Aideen OLeary).  Three special lectures were delivered (Joseph Harris, Roberta Frank and Martin Carver). Five project reports were also delivered (Antonette diPaolo Healey Rohini Jayatilaka, Martin K. Foys, Simon Keynes, David Pelteret and Francesca Tinti, Matti Rissanen). One interdisciplinary panel session was held (Catherine Karkov, Karen Jolly, Sarah Larratt Keefer).

            The conference included receptions hosted by the University, and by the City of Helsinki, which was held in the City Hall, and a conference dinner in the crypt of the Cathedral. The conference marked the formal opening of the Ex Lux Insula exhibition of manuscripts in the University Library (jointly arranged and exhibited with St Petersburg), and there was an exhibition of Anglo-Saxon Coins in the National Museum of Finland. The excursion was to Hmeenlina Castle, the Church of the Holy Cross at Hattula and the Riihimki Glass Museum.

       The conference was followed by a one-day symposium on August 13 at St Petersburg State University, hosted by the Department of English Philology and Translation, where eight papers were delivered (Igor K. Arkhipov, Marina Ye. Tsvinariya, Yuri A. Kleiner, Gleb S. Lebedev,  Andrei M. Tyun, Elena V. Mukha, Irina B. Rubert, Svetlana V. Visharenko.

            The symposium marked the formal opening of the Ex Lux Insula exhibition of manuscripts in the National Library of Russia (jointly arranged and exhibited with Helsinki). On August 12 there was either a city tour of St Petersburg and a visit to The Hermitage Museum, or an excursion to Novgorod, followed by a dinner in one of the eighteenth century aristocratic residences in the centre of St Petersburg.

            In accordance with the Societys constitution, Matti Kilpi completed his term as President on 31 December 2001. Robert Bjork assumed the post of President on that date. Hans Sauer assumed the post of First Vice-President. Joyce Hill completed her term of office as Second Vice-President on 31 December 2001 and was succeeded by Elaine Treharne.

The term of office expired on 31 December 2001 for the following members: Katalin Halacsy Scholz, Hugh Magennis, and Elaine Treharne. The following have been appointed as members of the Advisory Board from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2005 Leena Kahlas-Tarkka, Roy Liuzza, Eamonn OCarragain.

 

Arizona 2003
Pictures can be seen here.

The Eleventh ISAS meeting was hosted by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies of Arizona State University and took place 4-9 August, 2003 at the Chaparral Suites Resort, Scottsdale, Arizona. Some fifty-one speakers presented their work in twenty-four sessions, including 39 papers, several project reports and three plenary speakers. The following members presented papers: Adrian Papahagi, Daniel C. Anlezark, Elaine M. Treharne, Jacqueline Stodnick, Mercedes Salvador, Heide R. Estes, Philip G. Rusche, Christina Lee, Lisi Oliver, Thomas D. Hill, John Hines, Kathryn Powell, Sara L. Higley, Nicholas Brooks, Carol Braun Pasternack, Kanerva T. Heikkinen, Thomas A. Bredehoft, Christopher A. Jones, Andy Orchard, Matthew A. E. Hussey, Glenn M. Davis, Robin Norris, Craig R. Davis, Robert D. Fulk, Joyce Hill, Mary Swan, Karolyn A. Kinane, Hugh Magennis, Mechthild Gretsch, Damian Fleming, Christopher LeCluyse, Joshua A. Westgard, Joanna E. Story, Samantha Zacher, Anthony J. Adams, Nicole Guenther Discenza, Kathleen Davis, Guillaume Schiltz, and Carol L. Neuman de Vegvar. Many of the papers dealt with the conference theme of Conversion and Colonization, as did the keynote lectures: Leslie Webster on Appropriating the Cultural Landscape: Mind, Body, and Space in the Conversion Period, Allen J. Frantzen on Drama, Confession, and Conversion in Juliana and John Blair on How Christian was early Christian England? Reports were given on the following projects: Klaeber's Beowulf (John D. Niles), The Dictionary of Old English: A to F on CD-ROM (Antonette diPaolo Healey), The Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Project: A Progress Report (David A. E. Pelteret), Santa Crux Halig Rod Project Report (Catherine E. Karkov and Karen Jolly), The Alfredian Boethius (Malcolm R. Godden), Alfred the Great's Boethius: An Image-Based Electronic Edition (Kevin Kiernan) and The Anglo-Saxon Formulary Project (Andy Orchard).

A mid-week excursion to Sedona, the Grand Canyon, and the Painted Desert was organized, during which several conferees chose to view the Canyon from the sky, while others tested their endurance in the blazing sun by hiking down trails better suited to more sure-footed four-legged species. Receptions were hosted by Professor and Mrs Robert Bjork at their home, and by the Richard Rawlinson Center for Anglo-Saxon Studies and Medieval Institute Publications. The conference dinner, generously sponsored by the ASU Vice Provost for Research and the Dean of the College of Letters and Sciences, was held at Rawhide Western Town, where conference members were entertained by some Wild West justice meted out to their officers (see photos).

 

            The Advisory Board met several times to select new officers, implement the new election procedures for the Advisory Board elections, and to consider the business of the society. George Hardin Brown, Matti Kilpi and Donald G. Scragg were accorded honorary memberships. Elaine Treharne was elected to a second and final two-term as Second Vice-President. As per the newly adopted guidelines (see our Constitution, in the Directory), the membership had been solicited for nominations previous to the conference. The Advisory board then deliberated and produced twelve further nominations, two for each soon-to-be vacant seat, and the outgoing members of the Board arranged the resulting candidates on a ballot. This ballot was subsequently distributed by mail and e-mail to all members of the society. Two bids to organize the Biennial Conference in 2007 were scrutinized, and upon considerable deliberation, London was chosen as the venue for the 2007 conference, to be organized by a consortium headed by Jane Roberts and Warwick Gould.